Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), is a genetically inherited form of LDL cholesterol that increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and aortic valve disease. Unlike traditional cholesterol, Lp(a) promotes plaque buildup and clot formation. Since diet and lifestyle have little impact on Lp(a), measuring it is crucial for assessing hidden cardiovascular risk.
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a key protein found in lipoproteins that carry cholesterol and fats through the bloodstream. It is considered a superior marker for cardiovascular risk compared to LDL cholesterol alone because each atherogenic (plaque-causing) particle—such as LDL, VLDL, and lipoprotein(a)—contains one ApoB molecule. High ApoB levels indicate an increased number of potentially harmful lipoproteins, making it a strong predictor of heart disease and stroke risk.
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is the primary protein in HDL (“good” cholesterol) and plays a crucial role in removing excess cholesterol from the bloodstream. Higher ApoA1 levels are associated with better heart health, while lower levels may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This test helps assess cholesterol transport efficiency and overall heart disease risk.
The ApoB/ApoA1 ratio measures the balance between harmful (plaque-forming) and protective (cholesterol-clearing) lipoproteins. A higher ratio indicates increased cardiovascular risk, while a lower ratio suggests better heart health. This test provides a more accurate assessment of heart disease risk than LDL cholesterol alone.
Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. When you eat, your body converts excess calories into triglycerides and stores them in fat cells for energy. High triglyceride levels can increase the risk of heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and other health issues. They are often measured as part of a lipid panel to assess cardiovascular health and overall metabolic function.
VLDL cholesterol is a type of harmful lipoprotein that carries triglycerides in the blood and contributes to plaque buildup in the arteries. High VLDL levels are linked to heart disease, stroke, and metabolic disorders. This test is useful for assessing cardiovascular and metabolic risk, especially in individuals with high triglycerides.
Cystatin C is a marker of kidney function and an important indicator of cardiovascular health as impaired kidney function is closely linked to increased strain on the heart and blood vessels.
LDL cholesterol, often called “bad” cholesterol, carries cholesterol through the bloodstream. High LDL levels contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. This test helps assess cardiovascular risk and guides cholesterol-lowering strategies.
HDL cholesterol, or “good” cholesterol, helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. Higher HDL levels are generally protective, but function matters more than quantity. This test helps assess cardiovascular health and cholesterol balance.
Total cholesterol is the sum of LDL, HDL, and VLDL cholesterol in the blood. While high total cholesterol can indicate an increased risk of heart disease and stroke, individual cholesterol components (LDL, HDL, ApoB) provide a more detailed risk assessment. This test helps evaluate overall cholesterol balance and heart health.
The Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio is a key measure of cardiovascular risk, reflecting the balance between harmful cholesterol (LDL, VLDL) and protective HDL cholesterol. A lower ratio is ideal, indicating better heart health and reduced risk of atherosclerosis.
High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) is a marker of systemic inflammation, which plays a key role in heart disease, stroke, and chronic illness. High hs-CRP levels indicate increased inflammation, even when cholesterol is normal, making it a crucial test for hidden cardiovascular risk
Measures the activity of lipo
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone production, affecting metabolism, energy levels, and overall hormonal balance. Abnormal TSH levels may indicate hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), impacting weight, mood, and heart health.
Free T3 is the active thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism, energy levels, and brain function. Low Free T3 can indicate poor thyroid function or hormone conversion issues, leading to fatigue, weight gain, and slow metabolism, while high levels may suggest hyperthyroidism.
Free T4 is the inactive thyroid hormone that serves as a precursor to Free T3 (the active form of thyroid hormone). It plays a key role in metabolism, energy levels, and body temperature regulation. Abnormal Free T4 levels may indicate hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
Total T3 measures both bound and free T3, the active thyroid hormone responsible for metabolism, energy, and brain function. Low levels may indicate hypothyroidism or poor hormone conversion, while high levels may suggest hyperthyroidism. This test helps assess overall thyroid function and metabolism.
Reverse T3 (rT3) is an inactive thyroid hormone that blocks Free T3, slowing metabolism and energy production. High rT3 levels may indicate chronic stress, poor thyroid conversion, or metabolic dysfunction, leading to fatigue, weight gain, and brain fog.
Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) are autoantibodies that target thyroid proteins, often indicating autoimmune thyroid disease such as Hashimoto’s or Graves’ disease. Elevated levels suggest thyroid dysfunction and increased immune activity.
Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) are autoantibodies that attack thyroid enzymes, often signaling autoimmune thyroid disorders like Hashimoto’s or Graves’ disease. High TPOAb levels suggest thyroid inflammation and dysfunction, even before TSH becomes abnormal.
The Free T3 / Free T4 ratio assesses how efficiently the body converts inactive thyroid hormone (T4) into active thyroid hormone (T3). A low ratio suggests poor conversion, which can lead to fatigue, weight gain, and slow metabolism, even if TSH is normal.
The Total T3 / Reverse T3 ratio assesses how efficiently the body converts thyroid hormones into their active form. A low ratio suggests poor thyroid conversion, high stress, and metabolic slowdown, while a higher ratio indicates better metabolic function and thyroid efficiency.
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are autoantibodies that attack the body’s own cells, often signaling autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. A positive ANA test suggests increased immune activity, but further testing is needed for diagnosis.
C3 and C4 are the most commonly measured complement proteins.
These reflect the quantity of circulating complement proteins, and low levels are typically associated with consumption (e.g., in autoimmune disease like lupus) or deficiency.
This is usually tested as part of autoimmune panels.
ESR is a non-specific marker of inflammation. It measures how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a test tube in one hour. A faster-than-normal rate may indicate the presence of inflammation, infection, autoimmune conditions, or chronic disease. However, ESR is not diagnostic on its own and is best interpreted alongside clinical findings and other laboratory tests.
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) is an autoantibody associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases. High RF levels suggest increased immune system activity and inflammation, often linked to joint pain and autoimmune conditions.
The ANA (antinuclear antibody) panel identifies autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic components, helping diagnose autoimmune diseases. It typically includes antibodies such as dsDNA, Sm, RNP, SSA, SSB, Scl-70, Centromere, Jo-1, histone, PCNA, and Ribosomal P. These target various nuclear proteins and are associated with conditions like lupus, scleroderma, Sjögren’s, and myositis. Together, they offer a broad view of autoimmune activity and help differentiate between systemic autoimmune disorders.
White blood cells (WBCs) are essential for fighting infections and regulating the immune system. A high WBC count may indicate infection, inflammation, or stress, while a low count could suggest immune suppression or bone marrow dysfunction. This test helps assess immune health and overall wellness.
Neutrophils are the first line of defense against infections, making up the largest portion of white blood cells. High neutrophil levels may indicate bacterial infections, inflammation, or stress, while low levels suggest immune suppression or chronic illness. This test helps assess immune function and overall health.
Lymphocytes are immune cells that help fight viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers. High lymphocyte levels may indicate a viral infection or immune system overactivity, while low levels suggest immune suppression, chronic illness, or nutrient deficiencies. This test helps assess immune function and overall health.
Monocytes are immune cells that help fight infections, remove dead cells, and regulate inflammation. High levels may indicate chronic infection, inflammation, or autoimmune disease, while low levels may suggest immune suppression or bone marrow dysfunction.
Eosinophils are white blood cells involved in allergic reactions, parasite defense, and inflammation regulation. High eosinophil levels may indicate allergies, autoimmune disease, or parasitic infections, while low levels are usually not concerning.
Basophils are immune cells that play a role in allergic reactions and inflammation. High levels may indicate allergies, chronic inflammation, or blood disorders, while low levels are usually not a concern unless part of a broader immune suppression.
Total testosterone is an essential hormone for women, influencing muscle strength, libido, metabolism, and mood. High levels may indicate PCOS, insulin resistance, or adrenal disorders, while low levels may suggest hormonal deficiency, aging, or chronic stress. This test helps assess hormonal balance and overall well-being.
Free testosterone is the active form of testosterone that influences libido, metabolism, muscle strength, and energy levels. High free testosterone may indicate PCOS, insulin resistance, or adrenal dysfunction, while low levels may suggest hormonal deficiency, aging, or chronic stress. This test helps assess hormonal balance and overall well-being.
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates breast development, milk production, and reproductive health. High prolactin levels may indicate pituitary tumors, hypothyroidism, or hormonal imbalances, while low levels are rare but may suggest pituitary dysfunction. This test helps assess hormonal balance, fertility, and overall well-being.
Estradiol (E2) is the primary and most potent estrogen in women, regulating menstrual cycles, fertility, bone health, and mood stability. High estradiol levels may indicate estrogen dominance, PCOS, or obesity, while low levels can result from menopause, ovarian dysfunction, or excessive exercise. This test helps assess hormonal balance and overall health.
DHEA-Sulfate (DHEA-S) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that serves as a precursor to estrogen and testosterone. High levels may indicate PCOS, adrenal overactivity, or chronic stress, while low levels can suggest adrenal fatigue, aging-related decline, or hormonal deficiency. This test helps assess adrenal function, androgen balance, and overall hormonal health.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a key reproductive hormone that regulates ovarian function, egg development, and menstrual cycles. High FSH levels may indicate menopause, ovarian failure, or low ovarian reserve, while low FSH levels can suggest hypothalamic dysfunction, PCOS, or chronic stress. This test helps assess fertility, menstrual health, and hormonal balance.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a key reproductive hormone that triggers ovulation and regulates menstrual cycles. High LH levels may indicate PCOS, ovarian dysfunction, or menopause, while low LH levels can suggest pituitary dysfunction, chronic stress, or hormonal imbalance. This test helps assess fertility, ovulation, and overall hormonal health.
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein that regulates the availability of testosterone and estrogen. High SHBG may indicate estrogen dominance or liver dysfunction, while low SHBG is often linked to PCOS, insulin resistance, and androgen excess. This test helps assess hormonal balance, metabolic health, and overall endocrine function.
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen derived from testosterone that plays a role in hair growth, skin health, and hormonal balance. High DHT levels may contribute to hair thinning, acne, hirsutism, and PCOS, while low levels are often associated with low testosterone or adrenal dysfunction. This test helps assess androgen activity and overall hormonal health.
Androstenedione is an androgen precursor to both testosterone and estrogen, produced by the adrenal glands and ovaries. High androstenedione levels may indicate PCOS, adrenal overactivity, or insulin resistance, while low levels can suggest adrenal insufficiency or ovarian dysfunction. This test helps assess hormonal balance, androgen activity, and reproductive health.
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. A qualitative β-hCG test detects the presence of hCG and provides a positive or negative result. A positive test confirms pregnancy, while a negative result suggests no pregnancy, unless testing was done too early. This test helps assess early pregnancy status or, in rare cases, certain medical conditions.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the prostate gland, used to screen for prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostatitis. Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate inflammation, enlargement, or cancer, while low levels are typically normal but may be linked to low testosterone. This test helps assess prostate health and disease risk.
Total testosterone is the primary male sex hormone responsible for muscle growth, libido, energy, and metabolic health. High testosterone levels may result from anabolic steroid use, adrenal dysfunction, or excessive exercise, while low levels can indicate aging, obesity, chronic stress, or hypogonadism. This test helps assess hormonal balance, reproductive health, and overall well-being.
Free testosterone is the biologically active form of testosterone, responsible for libido, muscle growth, energy levels, and metabolic health. High free testosterone levels may result from steroid use, adrenal dysfunction, or low SHBG, while low levels can indicate hypogonadism, high SHBG, obesity, or chronic stress. This test helps assess hormonal balance, reproductive health, and overall well-being.
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that affects testosterone production, libido, and metabolism in men. High prolactin levels may indicate pituitary dysfunction, low testosterone, or medication effects, leading to erectile dysfunction, infertility, and fatigue. Low prolactin is rare but may suggest pituitary dysfunction or dopamine excess.
Estradiol (E2) is the primary and most potent estrogen in men, influencing bone health, libido, metabolism, and brain function. High estradiol levels may contribute to gynecomastia, weight gain, and mood changes, while low levels can lead to joint pain, osteoporosis, and fatigue. This test helps assess hormonal balance, testosterone conversion, and overall metabolic health.
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein that regulates the availability of testosterone and estrogen in the body. High SHBG may reduce free testosterone, leading to fatigue, low libido, and muscle loss, while low SHBG is often linked to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and androgen excess. This test helps assess hormonal balance, metabolic health, and overall endocrine function.
FSH is a pituitary hormone that regulates sperm production and testicular function. High FSH levels may indicate testicular failure or impaired fertility, while low levels can suggest pituitary dysfunction, obesity, or suppressed hormone production from TRT or anabolic steroid use. This test helps assess sperm health and reproductive function.
LH is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. High LH levels may indicate testicular dysfunction or low testosterone, while low levels can suggest pituitary dysfunction, obesity, or testosterone suppression from TRT or steroid use. This test helps assess testosterone production and hormonal balance.
DHEA-Sulfate (DHEA-S) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that serves as a precursor to testosterone and other androgens. High levels may indicate adrenal overactivity, metabolic dysfunction, or androgen excess, while low levels can suggest adrenal fatigue, chronic stress, or aging-related decline. This test helps assess adrenal function, testosterone balance, and overall hormonal health.
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen derived from testosterone that influences hair growth, prostate health, and muscle development. High DHT levels may contribute to hair loss, acne, and prostate enlargement, while low levels can lead to low libido, reduced muscle mass, and fatigue. This test helps assess androgen activity, testosterone metabolism, and overall hormonal balance.
Androstenedione is an androgen precursor to both testosterone and estrogen, produced by the adrenal glands and testes. High levels may indicate adrenal overactivity, insulin resistance, or excess androgen conversion, while low levels can suggest adrenal insufficiency, aging, or hormonal deficiency. This test helps assess testosterone production, androgen activity, and overall hormonal health.
Cortisol is the primary stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands, playing a key role in metabolism, blood sugar regulation, inflammation, and the body’s response to stress. High cortisol levels may indicate chronic stress, adrenal dysfunction, or Cushing’s syndrome, while low levels can suggest adrenal fatigue, Addison’s disease, or poor stress tolerance. This test helps assess hormonal balance, adrenal function, and overall stress response.
A comprehensive tool to assess the HPA axis – stress response and resiliency
The Adrenocortex Stress Profile (ASP) provides an assessment of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis using carefully timed salivary samples of the hormones cortisol and DHEA.
Cortical Awakening Response (CAR) add-on available
The DUTCH Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) test provides a detailed look at how your body responds to stress first thing in the morning. By collecting saliva samples immediately upon waking and over the first hour, this test measures how quickly and robustly cortisol rises — a key indicator of adrenal health and stress resilience. Abnormal CAR patterns can be linked to fatigue, burnout, mood disorders, poor immune function, and chronic stress.
The DUTCH Adrenal test focuses exclusively on adrenal health. It measures daily patterns of free cortisol and cortisone, along with metabolites, to assess how your body is producing and clearing stress hormones throughout the day. This is useful for patients dealing with fatigue, stress, insomnia, or suspected adrenal dysfunction (sometimes called “adrenal fatigue”). By showing the rhythm and total output of cortisol, DUTCH Adrenal helps identify imbalances that can affect energy, sleep, weight, immune function, and mood.
Uric acid is a waste product formed from purine metabolism, primarily excreted by the kidneys. High uric acid levels may indicate gout, kidney dysfunction, or metabolic issues, while low levels can suggest liver disease or excessive uric acid excretion. This test helps assess kidney function, metabolic health, and gout risk.
Glucose is the primary energy source for the body, regulated by insulin to maintain stable blood sugar levels. High glucose may indicate diabetes, insulin resistance, or metabolic dysfunction, while low glucose may suggest excessive insulin activity, adrenal dysfunction, or prolonged fasting. This test helps assess metabolic health, diabetes risk, and overall energy balance.
Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that regulates appetite, metabolism, and energy balance. High leptin levels may indicate leptin resistance, obesity, or metabolic dysfunction, while low levels can suggest low body fat, chronic dieting, or hypothalamic dysfunction. This test helps assess hunger regulation, metabolic health, and overall energy balance.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a blood test that measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 months. High HbA1c levels may indicate diabetes, insulin resistance, or poor glucose control, while low levels can suggest hypoglycemia or red blood cell disorders. This test helps assess metabolic health, diabetes risk, and long-term blood sugar balance.
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar, metabolism, and energy storage. High insulin levels may indicate insulin resistance, prediabetes, or metabolic dysfunction, while low levels can suggest pancreatic dysfunction or diabetes. This test helps assess blood sugar control, metabolic health, and overall hormonal balance.
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Vitamin D plays a vital role in bone health, immune function, mood regulation, and reducing inflammation. This test measures the level of vitamin D in your blood, typically as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Low levels are common and may increase the risk of osteoporosis, infections, and chronic disease, while very high levels can be harmful. This test helps guide supplementation and monitor for deficiency or excess.
Zinc is an essential mineral that supports immune function, wound healing, skin health, and cellular metabolism. This test measures zinc levels in the blood to check for deficiency or excess. Low zinc can lead to weakened immunity, poor healing, hair loss, and taste disturbances, while high levels (often from oversupplementation) can be harmful. Monitoring zinc ensures proper nutritional balance and optimal health.
Magnesium is a vital mineral involved in over 300 biochemical reactions, including muscle and nerve function, blood sugar control, and bone health. This test measures the level of magnesium in your blood to detect deficiency or excess. Low magnesium can cause muscle cramps, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, and neurological symptoms, while very high levels may affect the heart and nervous system. Regular monitoring helps ensure proper balance, especially in those with chronic illness or on certain medications
Iron is essential for producing hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body. This test measures iron levels in the blood to help evaluate for anemia, iron deficiency, or iron overload. Low iron can lead to fatigue, weakness, and pale skin, while high iron levels may signal conditions like hemochromatosis. Checking iron helps assess overall nutritional status and guide treatment if imbalances are found.
The Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) test measures the blood’s ability to bind and transport iron. It helps assess whether there is too little or too much iron in the body. High TIBC can indicate iron deficiency, while low TIBC may suggest iron overload, chronic disease, or malnutrition. This test is often ordered with iron and ferritin levels to provide a complete picture of iron status.
Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body, making it a key marker of iron reserves. This test measures ferritin levels to help assess iron deficiency or iron overload. Low ferritin usually indicates depleted iron stores and may cause fatigue, weakness, and anemia. High ferritin can occur with inflammation, liver disease, or conditions like hemochromatosis. Ferritin is one of the most important tests to determine true iron status.
Homocysteine is an amino acid that, when elevated, can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and cognitive decline. This test measures homocysteine levels to help assess cardiovascular risk, B vitamin status (especially B6, B12, and folate), and methylation health. High homocysteine may suggest nutrient deficiencies, poor lifestyle factors, or genetic issues affecting metabolism. Monitoring levels can guide personalized nutrition and preventive care.
Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) is a marker that helps detect early vitamin B12 deficiency, often before it shows up in standard B12 blood tests. Elevated MMA indicates that B12 is not being properly utilized in the body, which can affect nerve health, energy production, and brain function. This test is especially useful when B12 levels are borderline or symptoms suggest a deficiency.
The MTHFR gene provides instructions for making an enzyme that helps process folate and regulate homocysteine levels. Variants (mutations) in this gene may reduce enzyme efficiency, potentially impacting methylation, cardiovascular health, detoxification, and mood. This genetic test identifies common MTHFR variants (such as C677T and A1298C) to help guide personalized nutrition and supplement choices, particularly with forms of folate and B vitamins.
BUN measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood, a waste product made when your body breaks down protein. This test helps assess kidney function, as healthy kidneys filter urea out of the blood. Elevated BUN levels may indicate kidney issues, dehydration, or high protein intake, while low levels can occur with malnutrition or liver disease. BUN is often checked along with creatinine to provide a fuller picture of kidney health.
Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles and filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. This test measures the level of creatinine in your blood to help assess how well your kidneys are working. Elevated creatinine may suggest impaired kidney function or dehydration, while low levels can be seen with low muscle mass or certain medical conditions. Creatinine is often used alongside BUN to monitor kidney health.
The BUN/Creatinine Ratio compares two key markers of kidney function to help distinguish between different causes of abnormal blood levels. This ratio can help determine if issues are due to dehydration, kidney disease, or other factors like heart failure or gastrointestinal bleeding. A high ratio may point to dehydration or other non-kidney causes, while a low ratio can indicate kidney damage or malnutrition.
Globulin is a group of proteins in the blood that play important roles in liver function, immune system support, and blood clotting. This test measures total globulin levels, often as part of a comprehensive metabolic panel or protein panel. Abnormal globulin levels can signal liver disease, immune disorders, chronic inflammation, or nutritional issues. It’s also used to calculate the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, which helps assess overall protein balance.
The Albumin/Globulin (A/G) Ratio compares two major groups of proteins in the blood. This ratio helps assess liver function, immune activity, and overall protein balance. A low A/G ratio may suggest chronic inflammation, liver disease, or autoimmune disorders, while a high ratio can occur with low globulin levels, sometimes seen in genetic conditions or immune deficiencies. It’s often part of routine health panels to give insight into underlying health issues.
Chloride is an important electrolyte that helps maintain proper fluid balance, blood pressure, and acid-base (pH) balance in your body. This test measures the level of chloride in the blood to help assess hydration status, kidney function, and conditions that cause imbalances in blood acidity. Abnormal chloride levels can occur with dehydration, lung diseases, kidney problems, or metabolic imbalances.
Calcium is essential for strong bones and teeth, but also plays critical roles in muscle contraction, nerve function, blood clotting, and heart rhythm. This blood test measures the amount of calcium circulating in your blood, which can help detect problems with bones, kidneys, parathyroid glands, and overall metabolic health. Abnormal levels can point to conditions such as parathyroid disorders, vitamin D imbalance, or kidney dysfunction.
Potassium is a vital mineral and electrolyte that plays a key role in nerve signaling, muscle contraction (including the heart), and maintaining proper fluid balance. This blood test measures potassium levels to help assess kidney function, adrenal health, and overall electrolyte balance. Both low and high potassium can cause serious symptoms such as muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, or even life-threatening arrhythmias, so monitoring is important when evaluating health status.
Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions. This blood test measures the level of sodium in your bloodstream to help evaluate hydration status, kidney function, and certain hormone imbalances. Abnormal levels can signal issues like dehydration, overhydration, adrenal problems, or kidney disease. It’s a routine but important marker of overall health.
The eGFR test estimates how well your kidneys are filtering waste from your blood. It is calculated using your creatinine level, age, sex, and sometimes race. This test helps detect early kidney damage and monitor chronic kidney disease (CKD). Lower eGFR values suggest reduced kidney function, which may require closer monitoring or treatment to prevent progression.
Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions. This blood test measures the level of sodium in your bloodstream to help evaluate hydration status, kidney function, and certain hormone imbalances. Abnormal levels can signal issues like dehydration, overhydration, adrenal problems, or kidney disease. It’s a routine but important marker of overall health.
Potassium is a vital mineral and electrolyte that plays a key role in nerve signaling, muscle contraction (including the heart), and maintaining proper fluid balance. This blood test measures potassium levels to help assess kidney function, adrenal health, and overall electrolyte balance. Both low and high potassium can cause serious symptoms such as muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, or even life-threatening arrhythmias, so monitoring is important when evaluating health status.
Calcium is essential for strong bones and teeth, but also plays critical roles in muscle contraction, nerve function, blood clotting, and heart rhythm. This blood test measures the amount of calcium circulating in your blood, which can help detect problems with bones, kidneys, parathyroid glands, and overall metabolic health. Abnormal levels can point to conditions such as parathyroid disorders, vitamin D imbalance, or kidney dysfunction.
Chloride is an important electrolyte that helps maintain proper fluid balance, blood pressure, and acid-base (pH) balance in your body. This test measures the level of chloride in the blood to help assess hydration status, kidney function, and conditions that cause imbalances in blood acidity. Abnormal chloride levels can occur with dehydration, lung diseases, kidney problems, or metabolic imbalances.
The carbon dioxide (CO2) test, often part of a basic metabolic panel, measures the amount of bicarbonate in your blood. Bicarbonate helps maintain your body’s acid-base balance (pH). This test can provide important information about your lungs, kidneys, and metabolic health. Abnormal CO2 levels may signal breathing issues, kidney problems, or imbalances like metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.
Total protein measures the combined levels of albumin and globulin, reflecting liver function, kidney health, immune status, and overall nutrition. High levels may indicate chronic disease or dehydration, while low levels suggest malnutrition, liver/kidney dysfunction, or malabsorption issues.
Albumin is the most abundant blood protein, essential for maintaining fluid balance, transporting nutrients, and supporting liver and kidney function. Low albumin levels may indicate liver disease, kidney dysfunction, malnutrition, or chronic inflammation, while high levels are often linked to dehydration.
Total bilirubin measures liver function, bile metabolism, and red blood cell turnover. High bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease, bile duct obstruction, or hemolysis, while mildly elevated levels can be due to Gilbert’s syndrome, a harmless genetic condition.
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, and muscles. High AST levels may indicate liver disease, muscle injury, or heart damage, while low levels are usually not concerning but may reflect nutrient deficiencies. AST is commonly tested alongside ALT for liver health assessment.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme primarily found in the liver that helps assess liver function and metabolic health. High ALT levels may indicate liver disease, fatty liver, or bile duct obstruction, while low levels are typically not concerning but may reflect nutrient deficiencies.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in the liver, bones, and bile ducts. High ALP levels may indicate liver disease, bile duct obstruction, or bone disorders, while low levels may suggest nutrient deficiencies or metabolic conditions. ALP helps assess bone health, liver function, and overall metabolic balance.
Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme that helps break down fats for digestion. High lipase levels may indicate pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, or digestive disorders, while low levels can suggest pancreatic insufficiency or malabsorption issues. This test helps assess pancreatic function, digestive health, and fat metabolism.
Amylase is a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas and salivary glands that helps break down carbohydrates. High amylase levels may indicate pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, or digestive disorders, while low levels can suggest pancreatic insufficiency, metabolic dysfunction, or malabsorption issues. This test helps assess pancreatic function, digestive health, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Lead is a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the body, affecting brain function, kidney health, and metabolism. Elevated lead levels may indicate environmental exposure from contaminated water, paint, or occupational hazards, while low levels are ideal. This test helps assess toxic metal exposure, overall health risks, and detoxification function.
Arsenic is a toxic heavy metal and environmental contaminant that can accumulate in the body through food, water, and industrial exposure. High arsenic levels may indicate contamination from drinking water, seafood, rice, or occupational exposure, while low levels are ideal. This test helps assess toxic metal exposure, detoxification capacity, and overall health risks.
Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the body through seafood consumption, industrial exposure, and environmental pollution. High mercury levels may indicate contamination from high-mercury fish, dental amalgams, or occupational hazards, while low levels are ideal. This test helps assess toxic metal exposure, detoxification capacity, and overall health risks.
A genetic test that determines an individual’s Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype.
The ApoE gene has three common alleles: ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4. Each person inherits two copies of the ApoE gene, one from each parent, resulting in six possible genotypes: E2/E2, E2/E3, E2/E4, E3/E3, E3/E4, and E4/E4.
The ApoE genotype is just one piece of the puzzle when assessing an individuals risk for Alzheimer’s disease.
Recommended for adults with an elevated risk of cancer, such as those age 50 or older. The Galleri test can be taken annually as a simple blood test and screens for a “fingerprint” of many of the deadliest cancers before they become symptomatic, including those with no recommended screening tests today.
The DUTCH Complete is one of the most advanced hormone tests available. It provides a comprehensive look at your sex hormones (like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone), adrenal hormones (like cortisol and DHEA), and their metabolites. This urine-based test helps uncover hormone imbalances that may be affecting energy, mood, weight, sleep, and more. It also gives insights into how your body is metabolizing hormones, which can be important for long-term health and cancer risk. Ideal for both men and women, this test offers a detailed view of hormonal health beyond what bloodwork can reveal.
The DUTCH Plus builds on the DUTCH Complete by adding important markers of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) through saliva testing. This gives a fuller picture of how your adrenal function responds to stress throughout the day, including how quickly cortisol rises when you wake up — a key factor in fatigue, burnout, sleep issues, and mood disorders. In addition to the sex hormones, adrenal hormones, and metabolites measured in the DUTCH Complete, the DUTCH Plus adds deeper insight into stress resilience and overall HPA axis health.
DUTCH Cycle Mapping is designed for women who want a detailed picture of how their hormones fluctuate throughout an entire menstrual cycle. This test tracks daily patterns of estrogen and progesterone over the month, helping to identify issues such as irregular ovulation, luteal phase defects, or hormone imbalances contributing to infertility, PMS, or other menstrual concerns. It is especially valuable for those with complex cycles, fertility questions, or unclear hormone symptoms that can’t be captured in a single-day test.
The DUTCH Adrenal test focuses exclusively on adrenal health. It measures daily patterns of free cortisol and cortisone, along with metabolites, to assess how your body is producing and clearing stress hormones throughout the day. This is useful for patients dealing with fatigue, stress, insomnia, or suspected adrenal dysfunction (sometimes called “adrenal fatigue”). By showing the rhythm and total output of cortisol, DUTCH Adrenal helps identify imbalances that can affect energy, sleep, weight, immune function, and mood.
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