Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), is a genetically inherited form of LDL cholesterol that increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and aortic valve disease. Unlike traditional cholesterol, Lp(a) promotes plaque buildup and clot formation. Since diet and lifestyle have little impact on Lp(a), measuring it is crucial for assessing hidden cardiovascular risk.
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a key protein found in lipoproteins that carry cholesterol and fats through the bloodstream. It is considered a superior marker for cardiovascular risk compared to LDL cholesterol alone because each atherogenic (plaque-causing) particle—such as LDL, VLDL, and lipoprotein(a)—contains one ApoB molecule. High ApoB levels indicate an increased number of potentially harmful lipoproteins, making it a strong predictor of heart disease and stroke risk.
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is the primary protein in HDL (“good” cholesterol) and plays a crucial role in removing excess cholesterol from the bloodstream. Higher ApoA1 levels are associated with better heart health, while lower levels may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This test helps assess cholesterol transport efficiency and overall heart disease risk.
The ApoB/ApoA1 ratio measures the balance between harmful (plaque-forming) and protective (cholesterol-clearing) lipoproteins. A higher ratio indicates increased cardiovascular risk, while a lower ratio suggests better heart health. This test provides a more accurate assessment of heart disease risk than LDL cholesterol alone.
Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. When you eat, your body converts excess calories into triglycerides and stores them in fat cells for energy. High triglyceride levels can increase the risk of heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and other health issues. They are often measured as part of a lipid panel to assess cardiovascular health and overall metabolic function.
VLDL cholesterol is a type of harmful lipoprotein that carries triglycerides in the blood and contributes to plaque buildup in the arteries. High VLDL levels are linked to heart disease, stroke, and metabolic disorders. This test is useful for assessing cardiovascular and metabolic risk, especially in individuals with high triglycerides.
Cystatin C is a marker of kidney function and an important indicator of cardiovascular health as impaired kidney function is closely linked to increased strain on the heart and blood vessels.
LDL cholesterol, often called “bad” cholesterol, carries cholesterol through the bloodstream. High LDL levels contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. This test helps assess cardiovascular risk and guides cholesterol-lowering strategies.
HDL cholesterol, or “good” cholesterol, helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. Higher HDL levels are generally protective, but function matters more than quantity. This test helps assess cardiovascular health and cholesterol balance.
Total cholesterol is the sum of LDL, HDL, and VLDL cholesterol in the blood. While high total cholesterol can indicate an increased risk of heart disease and stroke, individual cholesterol components (LDL, HDL, ApoB) provide a more detailed risk assessment. This test helps evaluate overall cholesterol balance and heart health.
Non-HDL cholesterol is a strong predictor of heart disease risk because it includes all harmful cholesterol particles (LDL, VLDL, Lp(a)). It provides a better measure of atherosclerosis risk than LDL alone, especially in people with high triglycerides or metabolic syndrome.
The Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio is a key measure of cardiovascular risk, reflecting the balance between harmful cholesterol (LDL, VLDL) and protective HDL cholesterol. A lower ratio is ideal, indicating better heart health and reduced risk of atherosclerosis.
High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) is a marker of systemic inflammation, which plays a key role in heart disease, stroke, and chronic illness. High hs-CRP levels indicate increased inflammation, even when cholesterol is normal, making it a crucial test for hidden cardiovascular risk
Measures the activity of lipo
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone production, affecting metabolism, energy levels, and overall hormonal balance. Abnormal TSH levels may indicate hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), impacting weight, mood, and heart health.
Free T3 is the active thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism, energy levels, and brain function. Low Free T3 can indicate poor thyroid function or hormone conversion issues, leading to fatigue, weight gain, and slow metabolism, while high levels may suggest hyperthyroidism.
Free T4 is the inactive thyroid hormone that serves as a precursor to Free T3 (the active form of thyroid hormone). It plays a key role in metabolism, energy levels, and body temperature regulation. Abnormal Free T4 levels may indicate hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
Total T3 measures both bound and free T3, the active thyroid hormone responsible for metabolism, energy, and brain function. Low levels may indicate hypothyroidism or poor hormone conversion, while high levels may suggest hyperthyroidism. This test helps assess overall thyroid function and metabolism.
Reverse T3 (rT3) is an inactive thyroid hormone that blocks Free T3, slowing metabolism and energy production. High rT3 levels may indicate chronic stress, poor thyroid conversion, or metabolic dysfunction, leading to fatigue, weight gain, and brain fog.
Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) are autoantibodies that target thyroid proteins, often indicating autoimmune thyroid disease such as Hashimoto’s or Graves’ disease. Elevated levels suggest thyroid dysfunction and increased immune activity.
Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) are autoantibodies that attack thyroid enzymes, often signaling autoimmune thyroid disorders like Hashimoto’s or Graves’ disease. High TPOAb levels suggest thyroid inflammation and dysfunction, even before TSH becomes abnormal.
The Free T3 / Free T4 ratio assesses how efficiently the body converts inactive thyroid hormone (T4) into active thyroid hormone (T3). A low ratio suggests poor conversion, which can lead to fatigue, weight gain, and slow metabolism, even if TSH is normal.
The Total T3 / Reverse T3 ratio assesses how efficiently the body converts thyroid hormones into their active form. A low ratio suggests poor thyroid conversion, high stress, and metabolic slowdown, while a higher ratio indicates better metabolic function and thyroid efficiency.
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are autoantibodies that attack the body’s own cells, often signaling autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. A positive ANA test suggests increased immune activity, but further testing is needed for diagnosis.
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) is an autoantibody associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases. High RF levels suggest increased immune system activity and inflammation, often linked to joint pain and autoimmune conditions.
White blood cells (WBCs) are essential for fighting infections and regulating the immune system. A high WBC count may indicate infection, inflammation, or stress, while a low count could suggest immune suppression or bone marrow dysfunction. This test helps assess immune health and overall wellness.
Neutrophils are the first line of defense against infections, making up the largest portion of white blood cells. High neutrophil levels may indicate bacterial infections, inflammation, or stress, while low levels suggest immune suppression or chronic illness. This test helps assess immune function and overall health.
Lymphocytes are immune cells that help fight viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers. High lymphocyte levels may indicate a viral infection or immune system overactivity, while low levels suggest immune suppression, chronic illness, or nutrient deficiencies. This test helps assess immune function and overall health.
Monocytes are immune cells that help fight infections, remove dead cells, and regulate inflammation. High levels may indicate chronic infection, inflammation, or autoimmune disease, while low levels may suggest immune suppression or bone marrow dysfunction.
Eosinophils are white blood cells involved in allergic reactions, parasite defense, and inflammation regulation. High eosinophil levels may indicate allergies, autoimmune disease, or parasitic infections, while low levels are usually not concerning.
Basophils are immune cells that play a role in allergic reactions and inflammation. High levels may indicate allergies, chronic inflammation, or blood disorders, while low levels are usually not a concern unless part of a broader immune suppression.
Total protein measures the combined levels of albumin and globulin, reflecting liver function, kidney health, immune status, and overall nutrition. High levels may indicate chronic disease or dehydration, while low levels suggest malnutrition, liver/kidney dysfunction, or malabsorption issues.
Albumin is the most abundant blood protein, essential for maintaining fluid balance, transporting nutrients, and supporting liver and kidney function. Low albumin levels may indicate liver disease, kidney dysfunction, malnutrition, or chronic inflammation, while high levels are often linked to dehydration.
Total bilirubin measures liver function, bile metabolism, and red blood cell turnover. High bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease, bile duct obstruction, or hemolysis, while mildly elevated levels can be due to Gilbert’s syndrome, a harmless genetic condition.
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, and muscles. High AST levels may indicate liver disease, muscle injury, or heart damage, while low levels are usually not concerning but may reflect nutrient deficiencies. AST is commonly tested alongside ALT for liver health assessment.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme primarily found in the liver that helps assess liver function and metabolic health. High ALT levels may indicate liver disease, fatty liver, or bile duct obstruction, while low levels are typically not concerning but may reflect nutrient deficiencies.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in the liver, bones, and bile ducts. High ALP levels may indicate liver disease, bile duct obstruction, or bone disorders, while low levels may suggest nutrient deficiencies or metabolic conditions. ALP helps assess bone health, liver function, and overall metabolic balance.
Total testosterone is an essential hormone for women, influencing muscle strength, libido, metabolism, and mood. High levels may indicate PCOS, insulin resistance, or adrenal disorders, while low levels may suggest hormonal deficiency, aging, or chronic stress. This test helps assess hormonal balance and overall well-being.
Free testosterone is the active form of testosterone that influences libido, metabolism, muscle strength, and energy levels. High free testosterone may indicate PCOS, insulin resistance, or adrenal dysfunction, while low levels may suggest hormonal deficiency, aging, or chronic stress. This test helps assess hormonal balance and overall well-being.
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates breast development, milk production, and reproductive health. High prolactin levels may indicate pituitary tumors, hypothyroidism, or hormonal imbalances, while low levels are rare but may suggest pituitary dysfunction. This test helps assess hormonal balance, fertility, and overall well-being.
Estradiol (E2) is the primary and most potent estrogen in women, regulating menstrual cycles, fertility, bone health, and mood stability. High estradiol levels may indicate estrogen dominance, PCOS, or obesity, while low levels can result from menopause, ovarian dysfunction, or excessive exercise. This test helps assess hormonal balance and overall health.
DHEA-Sulfate (DHEA-S) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that serves as a precursor to estrogen and testosterone. High levels may indicate PCOS, adrenal overactivity, or chronic stress, while low levels can suggest adrenal fatigue, aging-related decline, or hormonal deficiency. This test helps assess adrenal function, androgen balance, and overall hormonal health.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a key reproductive hormone that regulates ovarian function, egg development, and menstrual cycles. High FSH levels may indicate menopause, ovarian failure, or low ovarian reserve, while low FSH levels can suggest hypothalamic dysfunction, PCOS, or chronic stress. This test helps assess fertility, menstrual health, and hormonal balance.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a key reproductive hormone that triggers ovulation and regulates menstrual cycles. High LH levels may indicate PCOS, ovarian dysfunction, or menopause, while low LH levels can suggest pituitary dysfunction, chronic stress, or hormonal imbalance. This test helps assess fertility, ovulation, and overall hormonal health.
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein that regulates the availability of testosterone and estrogen. High SHBG may indicate estrogen dominance or liver dysfunction, while low SHBG is often linked to PCOS, insulin resistance, and androgen excess. This test helps assess hormonal balance, metabolic health, and overall endocrine function.
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen derived from testosterone that plays a role in hair growth, skin health, and hormonal balance. High DHT levels may contribute to hair thinning, acne, hirsutism, and PCOS, while low levels are often associated with low testosterone or adrenal dysfunction. This test helps assess androgen activity and overall hormonal health.
Androstenedione is an androgen precursor to both testosterone and estrogen, produced by the adrenal glands and ovaries. High androstenedione levels may indicate PCOS, adrenal overactivity, or insulin resistance, while low levels can suggest adrenal insufficiency or ovarian dysfunction. This test helps assess hormonal balance, androgen activity, and reproductive health.
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. A qualitative β-hCG test detects the presence of hCG and provides a positive or negative result. A positive test confirms pregnancy, while a negative result suggests no pregnancy, unless testing was done too early. This test helps assess early pregnancy status or, in rare cases, certain medical conditions.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the prostate gland, used to screen for prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostatitis. Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate inflammation, enlargement, or cancer, while low levels are typically normal but may be linked to low testosterone. This test helps assess prostate health and disease risk.
Total testosterone is the primary male sex hormone responsible for muscle growth, libido, energy, and metabolic health. High testosterone levels may result from anabolic steroid use, adrenal dysfunction, or excessive exercise, while low levels can indicate aging, obesity, chronic stress, or hypogonadism. This test helps assess hormonal balance, reproductive health, and overall well-being.
Free testosterone is the biologically active form of testosterone, responsible for libido, muscle growth, energy levels, and metabolic health. High free testosterone levels may result from steroid use, adrenal dysfunction, or low SHBG, while low levels can indicate hypogonadism, high SHBG, obesity, or chronic stress. This test helps assess hormonal balance, reproductive health, and overall well-being.
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that affects testosterone production, libido, and metabolism in men. High prolactin levels may indicate pituitary dysfunction, low testosterone, or medication effects, leading to erectile dysfunction, infertility, and fatigue. Low prolactin is rare but may suggest pituitary dysfunction or dopamine excess.
Estradiol (E2) is the primary and most potent estrogen in men, influencing bone health, libido, metabolism, and brain function. High estradiol levels may contribute to gynecomastia, weight gain, and mood changes, while low levels can lead to joint pain, osteoporosis, and fatigue. This test helps assess hormonal balance, testosterone conversion, and overall metabolic health.
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein that regulates the availability of testosterone and estrogen in the body. High SHBG may reduce free testosterone, leading to fatigue, low libido, and muscle loss, while low SHBG is often linked to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and androgen excess. This test helps assess hormonal balance, metabolic health, and overall endocrine function.
FSH is a pituitary hormone that regulates sperm production and testicular function. High FSH levels may indicate testicular failure or impaired fertility, while low levels can suggest pituitary dysfunction, obesity, or suppressed hormone production from TRT or anabolic steroid use. This test helps assess sperm health and reproductive function.
LH is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. High LH levels may indicate testicular dysfunction or low testosterone, while low levels can suggest pituitary dysfunction, obesity, or testosterone suppression from TRT or steroid use. This test helps assess testosterone production and hormonal balance.
DHEA-Sulfate (DHEA-S) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that serves as a precursor to testosterone and other androgens. High levels may indicate adrenal overactivity, metabolic dysfunction, or androgen excess, while low levels can suggest adrenal fatigue, chronic stress, or aging-related decline. This test helps assess adrenal function, testosterone balance, and overall hormonal health.
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen derived from testosterone that influences hair growth, prostate health, and muscle development. High DHT levels may contribute to hair loss, acne, and prostate enlargement, while low levels can lead to low libido, reduced muscle mass, and fatigue. This test helps assess androgen activity, testosterone metabolism, and overall hormonal balance.
Androstenedione is an androgen precursor to both testosterone and estrogen, produced by the adrenal glands and testes. High levels may indicate adrenal overactivity, insulin resistance, or excess androgen conversion, while low levels can suggest adrenal insufficiency, aging, or hormonal deficiency. This test helps assess testosterone production, androgen activity, and overall hormonal health.
Cortisol is the primary stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands, playing a key role in metabolism, blood sugar regulation, inflammation, and the body’s response to stress. High cortisol levels may indicate chronic stress, adrenal dysfunction, or Cushing’s syndrome, while low levels can suggest adrenal fatigue, Addison’s disease, or poor stress tolerance. This test helps assess hormonal balance, adrenal function, and overall stress response.
A comprehensive tool to assess the HPA axis – stress response and resiliency
The Adrenocortex Stress Profile (ASP) provides an assessment of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis using carefully timed salivary samples of the hormones cortisol and DHEA.
Cortical Awakening Response (CAR) add-on available
Uric acid is a waste product formed from purine metabolism, primarily excreted by the kidneys. High uric acid levels may indicate gout, kidney dysfunction, or metabolic issues, while low levels can suggest liver disease or excessive uric acid excretion. This test helps assess kidney function, metabolic health, and gout risk.
Glucose is the primary energy source for the body, regulated by insulin to maintain stable blood sugar levels. High glucose may indicate diabetes, insulin resistance, or metabolic dysfunction, while low glucose may suggest excessive insulin activity, adrenal dysfunction, or prolonged fasting. This test helps assess metabolic health, diabetes risk, and overall energy balance.
Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that regulates appetite, metabolism, and energy balance. High leptin levels may indicate leptin resistance, obesity, or metabolic dysfunction, while low levels can suggest low body fat, chronic dieting, or hypothalamic dysfunction. This test helps assess hunger regulation, metabolic health, and overall energy balance.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a blood test that measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 months. High HbA1c levels may indicate diabetes, insulin resistance, or poor glucose control, while low levels can suggest hypoglycemia or red blood cell disorders. This test helps assess metabolic health, diabetes risk, and long-term blood sugar balance.
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar, metabolism, and energy storage. High insulin levels may indicate insulin resistance, prediabetes, or metabolic dysfunction, while low levels can suggest pancreatic dysfunction or diabetes. This test helps assess blood sugar control, metabolic health, and overall hormonal balance.
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Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme that helps break down fats for digestion. High lipase levels may indicate pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, or digestive disorders, while low levels can suggest pancreatic insufficiency or malabsorption issues. This test helps assess pancreatic function, digestive health, and fat metabolism.
Amylase is a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas and salivary glands that helps break down carbohydrates. High amylase levels may indicate pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, or digestive disorders, while low levels can suggest pancreatic insufficiency, metabolic dysfunction, or malabsorption issues. This test helps assess pancreatic function, digestive health, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Lead is a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the body, affecting brain function, kidney health, and metabolism. Elevated lead levels may indicate environmental exposure from contaminated water, paint, or occupational hazards, while low levels are ideal. This test helps assess toxic metal exposure, overall health risks, and detoxification function.
Arsenic is a toxic heavy metal and environmental contaminant that can accumulate in the body through food, water, and industrial exposure. High arsenic levels may indicate contamination from drinking water, seafood, rice, or occupational exposure, while low levels are ideal. This test helps assess toxic metal exposure, detoxification capacity, and overall health risks.
Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the body through seafood consumption, industrial exposure, and environmental pollution. High mercury levels may indicate contamination from high-mercury fish, dental amalgams, or occupational hazards, while low levels are ideal. This test helps assess toxic metal exposure, detoxification capacity, and overall health risks.
A genetic test that determines an individual’s Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype.
The ApoE gene has three common alleles: ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4. Each person inherits two copies of the ApoE gene, one from each parent, resulting in six possible genotypes: E2/E2, E2/E3, E2/E4, E3/E3, E3/E4, and E4/E4.
The ApoE genotype is just one piece of the puzzle when assessing an individuals risk for Alzheimer’s disease.
Recommended for adults with an elevated risk of cancer, such as those age 50 or older. The Galleri test can be taken annually as a simple blood test and screens for a “fingerprint” of many of the deadliest cancers before they become symptomatic, including those with no recommended screening tests today.
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